Gravity Crustal Model for an Andean Section at 32° S Considering Upper Mantle Lateral Density Variation

Up to date, three gravity models for the Andean section at 32° south latitude have been published. Two of them did not have seismic reflection/refraction data to constrain the subsurface geometry. The other one included seismic data to fit thicknesses and determined density contrasts using velocity-density curves. Furthermore, all previous models assumed a homogeneous mantle. In this paper a new gravity model is computed for a two-layer crust of the Andean section at the 32° south latitude. It involves new seismic depths for the Andean foreland, recent worldwide velocity-density relationships and a simple model of the subducting slab. The shape of the Nazca plate is defined from available contour maps of the Wadati-Benioff zone of western South America. The slab density contrast with respect to the surrounding mantle is estimated to be +1.6% (3.5-5.5% velocity anomaly), which reproduces the longwavelength gravity anomaly. The modelled crustal structure is analyzed taking into account interpretations derived from seismic data. Crustal thicknesses vary from about 50 km in the Sierras Pampeanas to 71 km in the Andean belt. According to this model, most of the thickening takes place in the upper crustal layer, in the region between the Precordillera and Pampean Ranges. These results agree with recent seismological data. A Cenozoic lower crust shortening of 146 km to an initial crust 40 km thick is calculated from the computed crustal roots. This estimate of shortening is within 10% of previous calculations from gravity models. Also, it shows consistency with independent estimate of crustal shortening derived from geological balanced cross-section at the same latitude.The computed crustal model here presented assumes that the gravity excess from the Nazca plate is balanced by means of a deficiency of density produced by crustal thickening. So, there is no net mass variation at the base of the lithosphere (»180 km). Therefore, considering upper mantle density variation does not affect previous inferences about the present isostatic state close to the balance in the Airy system.